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Songbird species4/8/2023 The method of this study can be transferred to other sites with more extensive areas or similar agriculture structures, which will facilitate agricultural production and management. (2) The fusion of multi-sensor synchronous observation data could achieve better accuracy (R² = 0.815 and RMSE = 1.023), compared with using only one data (3) A simple LAI prediction method could be found, that is, after selecting a few features by machine learning, high prediction accuracy can be obtained only by simple multiple linear regression (R² = 0.679 and RMSE = 1.231), providing inspiration for rapid and efficient LAI prediction of wheat. After removing the soil background, the LAI prediction accuracy improved significantly, R² raised by about 0.27, and RMSE fell by about 0.476. The results show that: (1) the soil background reduced the accuracy of the LAI prediction of wheat, and soil background could be effectively removed by taking advantage of high-resolution UAV imagery. After removing the soil background, all features were fused, and LAI was estimated using Random Forest and Support Vector Machine Regression. High-resolution UAV imagery was obtained with a multi-sensor integrated MicaSense Altum camera to extract the wheat canopy's spectral, structural, and thermal features. To investigate the potential of high-resolution UAV imagery combined with multi-sensor data fusion in LAI estimation. Furthermore, the advancement of multi-sensor synchronous observation and integration technology allows for the simultaneous collection of canopy spectral, structural, and thermal data, making it possible for data fusion. However, most studies do not fully exploit the advantages of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery with high spatial resolution, such as not removing the background (soil and shadow, etc.). Consequently, accurate vegetation extraction in remote sensing imagery is critical for LAI estimation. But they are most easily identified by the pronounced streaking, usually more visible than the streaking of other types of finches.Leaf Area Index (LAI) is half of the amount of leaf area per unit horizontal ground surface area. Siskins are small and heavily streaked on their breasts and have yellow-accents that typically appear on the ends of their wings and also on their tail feathers. While salmonellosis is particularly lethal for siskins, it can also infect other species of songbirds that hang out at feeders, such as lesser goldfinches. Pine Siskins can be messy eaters, spraying seed on the ground where it becomes mixed with feces and becomes an additional source of infection. In this way, the feeder becomes a vector for the disease, spreading it to other birds. Infected birds shed the bacteria in their feces, and if they are frequenting a bird feeder, the surface of the feeder or the food itself is likely to become contaminated with their feces. Once a bird is infected it stands little chance of survival. It comes down to the birds congregating near each other, which is the catalyst for the spread of the bacteria. Īs much as backyard birders love the feeders, Brookhouser and other experts say the only way to curb the die-off is to temporarily remove the feeders. Some infected birds may show no outward signs, but are carriers of the disease and can spread the infection to other birds.Ī video produced by My Backyard Birding shows how the illness affects siskins. They are often lethargic and easy to approach, which is not normal. Sick birds may appear thin, fluffed up, and depressed and may have swollen eyelids. It is a common cause of mortality in feeder birds, but the symptoms are not always obvious. MONTEREY - Birders across the Central Coast and all the way up into Oregon and Washington are lamenting the loss of thousands of Pine Siskins, a small songbird belonging to the finch family that are dying in large numbers in the Monterey Bay Area from a bacteria that is spread through bird feeders.Īnd the backyard birders are not going to like the cure: They are being advised to pull down their feeders and stow them away until the end of this month and likely until the end of April until the siskins disperse.īeth Brookhouser, the vice president of marketing and communications for the SPCA Monterey County, said the birds are dying from salmonellosis, an infection caused by the bacteria belonging to the genus Salmonella.
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